Carbon Flux of Down Woody Materials in Forests of the North Central United States

C. W. Woodall
USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA

 Abstract

Across large scales, the carbon (C) flux of down woody material (DWM) detrital pools has largely been simulated based on forest stand attributes (e.g., stand age and forest type). The annual change in forest DWM C stocks and other attributes (e.g., size and decay class changes) was assessed using a forest inventory in the north central United States to provide an empirical assessment of strategic-scale DWM C flux. Using DWM inventory data from the USDA Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis program, DWM C stocks were found to be relatively static across the study region with an annual flux rate not statistically different from zero. Mean C flux rates across the study area were −0.25, −0.12, −0.01, and −0.04 (Mg/ha/yr) for standing live trees, standing dead trees, coarse woody debris, and fine woody debris, respectively. Flux rates varied in their both magnitude and status (emission/sequestration) by forest types, latitude, and DWM component size. Given the complex dynamics of DWM C flux, early implementation of inventory remeasurement, and relatively low sample size, numerous future research directions are suggested.

1. Introduction

For the purposes of this study, down woody materials (DWMs) are defined as detrital components of forest ecosystems comprising fine and coarse woody debris.  Coarse woody debris (CWD) are pieces, or portion of pieces, of down dead wood with a minimum small-end diameter of at least 7.62 cm inches at the point of intersection with a sampling transect and a length of at least 0.91 m.  CWD pieces must be detached from a bole and/or not be self-supported by a root system with a lean angle more than 45 degrees from vertical [1].  Fine woody debris (FWD) are pieces, or portion of pieces, of down woody with a diameter less than 7.62 cm inches at the point of intersection with a sampling transect excluding dead branches attached to standing trees, dead foliage, bark fragments, or cubicle rot. 

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) IN AGRICULTURAL SECTORS

The policy shareholsers No. 40 in 2007 chapter 74, is a fundamental to manage a company not only business oriented to get maximize results, but acompany obligate give benefit to other stakeholders include citizen in this case. It means that a company has to do cosial responsibility. Corporate exixtance can influence many sides in social living, and globaly can increase economic development in globalisation era. Economic activity have relation with other activity. Corporate existance in economic activity give a huge partisipation to increase economic development, increasing human resources and so on. From a concept of eksternality, a compeny not only give a positive effect but can give negative effect for other activities. This is a problem in the end of decade, whwn a resources didn’t manage with a sustainable system, so that can destroy ecologycal balance.

Corporate social responsibility can also called a corporate responsibility, corporate citizenship, and responsible business is a concept whwn an organization consider the interest of society bay taking respbsibility for the impact of their activies on customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, communities and other stakeholder, as well as the environment. This oblogation is seen to extant beyond the statutory obligation to comply with legislation and sees organization voluntarily to improve the quality of life for employees and their families as well as local community and society large. And now the practise of CSR in economic level, there are much debate and critism. Proponants perspective broader and longer than own immediate, short term profit. For critics argue that CSR distrats from the fundamental economic role business, that a corporate principal purpose is to maximize return to its shareholders while obeying the laws of the countries within which it works can less capital. Development business ethics is a form of the art of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problem that can arise in business environment. In sustainable development there are triple bottom lines that are economic, ecology, and social.

Utilization of Rhizoplane and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) to Promote The Early Growth of Jelutung (Dyera polyphylla Miq. Steenis.)

Pemanfaatan Bakteri Rhizoplane dan Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula (FMA) Untuk Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Semai Jelutung

(Dyera polyphylla Miq. Steenis.)

Rifa’ Atunnisa (E44050982)¹, Dr. Ir. Irdika Mansur, M. For. Sc², Dr. Irnayuli R. Sitepu, SP. MCP³

Abstract Nontimber forest products (NTFPs) represent sources of income from tropical forest, but some NTFP species have decreased in population and become endangered due to overexploitation. There is increasing concern that the planting stock of Dyera polyphylla is not sufficient to sustain the yield of NFTPs. The beneficial root colonizing rhizosphere bacteria, the so-called plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria have been known to carry out many important ecosystem processes, such as those involved in the nutrient cycling and/or seedling establishment. The roots of most plant species associate with certain soil fungi and establish what are known as mycorrhiza. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of two arbuscular miycorrhizal (AMF) fungi, Glomus sp., Gigaspora sp. and thirteen strains of rhizoplane bacteria (CK32, FL.13.2.1, JW1, JW6, JW9, JW13, JW14, CK26, CK4, JW3a, SB, NT, CR.R1), on the early growth of D. polyphylla, under greenhouse condition. Percentage of AMF colonization, plant growth, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentration were measured after 150 days of planting. The results showed that the percentage of AM colonization of D. polyphylla was 100%. Colonization by Glomus sp. significanly increased plant height by 18,95% and diameter by 16,16% compared to those non AMF. Combination of bacterial and AMF inoculant between JW13 dan Glomus sp. increased shoot weight by as much as 36,28% from control and increased N concentration by 69,59% compared to those of non inoculate a seedlings. Combination of JW1 and Gigaspora sp. increased P concentration by as much as 42,05% compared to those of non inoculate seedlings. Despite the difficulty of selecting  a multifunctional microbial consortia, appropriate microbial combinations can be recommended for a biotechnological input related to improvement of plant performance.

Keywords: AM fungi, biofertilizer, Dyera polyphylla, NTFP, PGPR

First Time to Borneo

danau area bekas penambangan

25 Juni 2009 menjadi perjalanan pertama saya menuju pulau Kalimantan yang memiliki nama alias sebagai Borneo. Kota pertama tempat menginjakkan kaki saya di Borneo adalah kota Banjarmasin. Merupakan kehormatan dan prestasi tersendiri untuk saya sendiri mendapatkan kesempatan untuk belajar dan mengaplikasikan ilmu yang sudah saya pelajari sebagai Silvikulturis di perusahaan tambang batubara terbesar kedua pada saat itu yaitu di PT. Adaro Indonesia. Tepatnya lokasi penambangan terletak di Kabupaten Balangan dan Kabupaten Tabalong Propinsi Kalimantan Selatan, berjarak lebih kurang 220 km dari kota Banjarmasin ke arah utara yang dapat ditempuh melalui jalan darat, dengan waktu tempuh sekitar 5 jam. Jika ditempuh melalui udara dengan menggunakan Pelita Air Service dapat ditempuh sekitar 45 menit dari Banjarmasin. Dan ini pula pengalaman pertama saya ikut terbang menggunakan pesawat kecil, atau pesawat perintis yang boleh jujur terasa “Ngeri” karena goncangan dan bunyi pesawat

area disposal tambang

yang sangat terasa. Selama dua bulan saya dan sahabat kampus saya disana, merasakan pengalaman baru karena dalam aplikasi ilmu kami memasuki ranah pertambangan boleh dikatakan masih perintis, sehingga apa yang kami dapatkan dan coba kami terapkan menjadi kajian yang menarik karena perspektif ilmu yang mencoba untuk dipadukan.

Banyak hal menarik yang saya dan teman saya ‘Ajeng’ lakukan selama berada di kabupaten Tanjung

mulai di kegiatan lapang, wisata kuliner makanan khas Banjarmasin, jalan-jalan mengunjungi beberapa tempat wisata di Banjarmasin diantaranya pegunungan Maratus, wisata pasar apung di Banjarmasin,

melancong di pasar Batuah Martapura

dan berbelanja batu-batu permata di Martapura.

Pengalaman ini merupakan pengalaman yang berharga bagi saya dan tidak akan saya lupakan. Persahabatan dan persaudaraan dengan rekan kerja dikantor yang sampai sekarang masih terjalin

merupakan rezeki yang luar biasa. Dapat belajar ilmu lain mengenai dunia pertambangan sebagai ilmu pelengkap bagi Major ilmu saya, akan menjadi bekal tersendiri untuk saya memerikan sumbangsing pada ilmu lingkungan yang saya pelajari. Terimakasih kepada Dr. Maman Turjaman dan Bapak Agus Subandrio yang telah membuka kesempatan dan

bersama para karyawan di nursery

perijinannya untuk bisa belajar di PT. Adaro Indonesia. 

Terima kasih kepada Bapak Dr. Irdika Mansur, pembimbing kami tercinta atas arahannya selama  kerja praktek di PT. Adaro Indonesia. Segenap sahabat ,saudara kami bapak Budi, bapak Aris, mba Saras, mba Wiwi, Fanny, Ria semoga yang sudah dipertemukan ini terus tetap dijaga persaudaraanny. Dan semoga mitos orang Banjar bisa benar-benar terjadi katanya kalau sudah minum air kalimantan asli suatu saat bisa kembali lagi ke kelimantan..semoga suatu saat saya bisa berkunjung lagi kesana..:)